Health service provision affects health inequalities through three steps. In the first step, differences in gaining access to health care services may occur, resulting in differential use of services by people from certain social groups (Sect. 6.2). In the second step, quality of treatment and care, and responsiveness or person-centredness may differ for patients with different socioeconomic backgrounds (Sect. 6.3). Even with equal access and equal treatment or equal care, some patients may benefit more from the treatment or care they receive, depending on their capabilities and circumstances. Hence, the functional consequences during and after treatment may differ. Finally, we consider the impact of health services throughout people’s life histories and the process of accumulation of these impacts (Sect. 6.4).