The Arabian Peninsula is experiencing increasing socio-economic challenges associated with the evolving impacts of climate change. Characterized by hyper-arid conditions, limited freshwater resources and rapid economic transformation, the region is particularly sensitive to climatic stressors such as rising temperatures, declining precipitation, extreme heatwaves and sea-level rise. These environmental shifts are intensifying water scarcity, accelerating groundwater depletion and increasing dependence on costly, energy-intensive solutions like desalination. As a result, key sectors such as agriculture, fisheries and livestock face mounting risks, with implications for food security, public health and rural livelihoods. Climate change is also disrupting coastal and marine ecosystems, affecting fisheries productivity and threatening biodiversity. Meanwhile, land degradation and declining crop yields are increasing reliance on food imports, exposing economies to global market fluctuations. Livestock systems are increasingly challenged by changing climate conditions, including heat stress, limited water and feed availability and emerging health risks, all of which impact overall productivity. In addition, critical sectors like tourism, infrastructure and energy are increasingly exposed to climate-induced disruptions, placing additional pressure on public finances and service delivery. Despite these challenges, countries in the region have initiated adaptation measures such as conservation agriculture, efficient irrigation, agroforestry, dam construction, dietary shifts, food waste reduction, wastewater recycling, tariff reforms, public awareness campaigns and private sector engagement. Achieving long-term sustainability in the Arabian Peninsula calls for context-specific approaches, collaborative efforts and effective coordination across sector.