Climate change, driven primarily by anthropogenic activities, has caused significant alterations in hydroclimatic variables, including temperature, precipitation, riverine flow and extreme hydrometeorological events. These changes have triggered profound impacts globally, disrupting ecosystems, threatening biodiversity and posing substantial risks to human health, infrastructure and livelihoods. Rising temperatures, altered precipitation patterns and an increase in the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events have exacerbated inequalities, hindered sustainable development and heightened vulnerabilities across natural, social and economic systems. Coastal regions are increasingly threatened by sea-level rise and storm surges, while urban areas are affected by heat island effects and growing disaster risks. The climate of the Arabian Peninsula exhibits considerable spatial and temporal variability, influenced by its complex topography and interactions with large-scale atmospheric circulation systems. Dust plays a pivotal role in shaping regional climatic processes, impacting radiation balance, cloud formation and precipitation patterns. As a region marked by an arid climate and limited water resources, the Arabian Peninsula is particularly sensitive to the intensifying impacts of climate change. Prolonged droughts, intensifying heatwaves and advancing desertification are exacerbating water scarcity and degrading ecosystems. Coastal and urban areas are increasingly exposed to the risks of flash floods, sea-level rise and sandstorms, posing significant threats to infrastructure, human health and economic stability. These interconnected challenges underscore the importance of developing tailored adaptation and mitigation strategies that strengthen resilience and reduce vulnerabilities. Proactive efforts in this direction are essential to preserve the Arabian Peninsula’s delicate ecosystems, promote sustainable resource management and foster inclusive socio-economic development in the face of evolving climate change.