E-government has the potential to facilitate citizens’ access to public services in a more flexible form without reducing its effectiveness. However, developing countries face a digital divide problem in its implementation. This study aims to identify the theoretical background of the digital divide in the e-government context and propose alternative solutions to improve e-government inclusion in developing countries. We utilize co-citation analysis and a systematic literature review (SLR). From the literature review findings, we categorize the problem into four perspectives: information systems, infrastructure, end-user, and organizational perspectives, and we propose the related strategic solution. Furthermore, we propose four research agendas focusing on an evaluation study of existing e-government initiatives, encouraging multiple channels of e-government services, a social mobilization strategy to facilitate e-government inclusion, and social media utilization to promote e-government adoption. This study contributes to organizing knowledge regarding the digital divide and its alternative solution that could be followed up through various research agendas.