This chapter redefines productivity beyond traditional GDP metrics, emphasizing its role in driving inclusive growth and sustainability. The authors argue for a broader interpretation that considers whether outputs meet societal needs—such as improved health, safety, and environmental outcomes. They explore how productivity is shaped by investment (especially in intangible assets), technology (including AI and digital tools), and human capital. Despite technological advances, productivity growth has slowed globally, raising concerns about measurement accuracy and the diffusion of innovation. The chapter highlights the need for better metrics, including outcomes-based indicators and firm-level data. It also stresses the importance of equitable access to education, skills, and infrastructure to reduce inequality and support lagging regions and firms. Ultimately, the authors advocate for a productivity agenda that balances economic prosperity with social inclusion and environmental stewardship.