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Despite being random, fluctuations in physical systems do carry useful information. One can hardly overestimate the impact of the earliest and probably best known application of this fact: the determination of Avogadro’s constant \(N_A\) by Perrin on the basis of a statistical analysis of Brownian motion. The theoretical foundation of Perrin’s experiment was the Einstein–Smoluchowski relation, linking the mobility \(\mu \) of a tracer particle immersed in a fluid to the diffusion constant D.

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Introduction

  • 章节

  • 发表日期：

    2026年

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  • Noé Cuneo,
  • Vojkan Jakšić,
  • Claude-Alain Pillet,
  • Armen Shirikyan

摘要

Despite being random, fluctuations in physical systems do carry useful information. One can hardly overestimate the impact of the earliest and probably best known application of this fact: the determination of Avogadro’s constant \(N_A\) by Perrin on the basis of a statistical analysis of Brownian motion. The theoretical foundation of Perrin’s experiment was the Einstein–Smoluchowski relation, linking the mobility \(\mu \) of a tracer particle immersed in a fluid to the diffusion constant D.