The Congo Basin is a vast intracratonic sedimentary basin in Central Africa, covering about 3.7 million km2. It plays a critical role in global biodiversity and carbon storage, supporting the world’s second-largest rainforest and a major tropical peat carbon reserve. This chapter offers an overview of the basin’s geology and geodynamic evolution, focusing on its formation, structural features, and sedimentary processes. The basin’s geological history is tied to major tectonic events, including the Pan-African orogeny (~600–500 Ma), the breakup of Gondwana, and later extensional tectonics. It is underlain by an Archean to Mesoproterozoic basement formed through successive orogenic cycles. The Congo Basin developed as an intracratonic depression influenced by rifting and subsidence, resulting in thick sedimentary accumulations from the Meso-Neoproterozoic to the Cretaceous. Geophysical data reveal a complex internal structure marked by tectonic reactivation. Lateritic covers and regolith formations provide insight into long-term weathering and erosion, important for reconstructing past climate and environmental changes. The basin is also rich in geological resources, including hydrocarbons, metals, and weathering-derived deposits of economic value. This synthesis highlights the need for an interdisciplinary approach to studying the Congo Basin, integrating geological, hydrological, and ecological dimensions. A deeper understanding of its evolution is vital for sustainable resource management, conservation, and evaluating its role in global biogeochemical cycles.