Agriculture in the Congo Basin is essential for food security and economic development, but it faces major challenges such as deforestation, biodiversity loss, and climate change. Agricultural systems, ranging from industrial agriculture to subsistence practices, are transforming the landscape and damaging ecosystems and their ability to provide ecosystem services. While industrial agriculture drives significant land conversion, especially for oil palm and rubber, smallholder and subsistence farming (often through shifting cultivation) remain the dominant cause of deforestation. Agricultural policies often favor multinational companies, leading to land leases over communities’ rights and environmental protection. Moreover, policies such as the European Union Deforestation Regulation pose new challenges and opportunities for local farmers. To safeguard ecosystems and livelihoods, the path forward must prioritize sustainable land management practices such as agroforestry and conservation agriculture that balance productivity with environmental protection.