Air pollution contributes to the degraded quality of life and reduces the life expectancy of the population. The World Health Organization estimates that air pollution is responsible for 7 million deaths per year worldwide. It contributes to worsening respiratory diseases and causes lung cancer and heart attacks. Air pollution thus has important medical consequences for human life and biodiversity. This past year, there were considerable signs of progress in the control of this atmospheric pollution to sensitize the public authorities and the population about the need to reduce the intensity of this pollution and its harmful effects. In this chapter, we reviewed this pollution, which is mostly ignored by governments for economic reasons and ignored by the overall public out of ignorance. Technological advances and public awareness campaigns of the overall public thus allowed and contributed to the design and production of the tools within an academic framework, making it possible to better evaluate and assess the quality of the air and its potential effects on humans and their environment. The sector of heavy industries associated with the services of transport and road traffic was the factor showing and inducing the greatest number of harmful environmental effects, with earlier occupants being more specialists, decision-makers, and the general population. The aim of this chapter book consists of summarizing this pollution, a long time ignored by decision-makers and the overall public, and synthetically and transparently evaluating the environmental effects of atmospheric pollutants with their collective and individual components, parts of which are professional or deprived and emitted via transport, industries, agriculture, and varied human activity.