Urinary incontinence (UI), defined as the involuntary loss of urine, is a common and burdensome yet underreported health problem with a high impact on quality of life. Millions of people are affected worldwide, with high prevalence, especially among older women and men after prostate surgery. The main types of urinary incontinence are: stress incontinence (SUI), urge incontinence (UUI), and mixed incontinence. Therapeutic measures for urinary incontinence can vary from oral pharmacotherapy to more conservative options, though other measures may be very invasive. Surgical measures, such as slings and the implantation of artificial sphincters, have been proven to work well but come with risks and complications. Though there is a wide range of therapeutical options and long-time success rates vary, many patients continue to suffer from their symptoms; therefore, there is a need for more effective therapies with a more favorable benefit–risk profile. Over the last few years, regenerative medicine, in particular, the application of stem cells, has grown as a promising approach in treating urinary incontinence. Among the various types of stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells derived from adipose tissue (adipose-derived stem cells, ADSCs) have been given great importance because it is the human tissue with the highest rates. After a straightforward process of extraction, the application of ADSCs can be done on the same day, therefore increasing the importance of its role. Preclinical and clinical studies confirm that ADSCs have angiogenic and myogenic differentiation potential, as well as the effect of regeneration of damaged tissue. These characteristics favor the treatment of urinary incontinence with the application of ADSCs, which is particularly attractive in connection with the regeneration of sphincter and pelvic floor muscles.