Dysbiosis can be interpreted as an imbalance in gut microbiota composition and activity, which has been associated with various metabolic and gastrointestinal disorders. The link between dysbiosis and host health underscores the complex relationship between the intestinal microbiota and their hosts. Probiotics are live microorganisms that when ingested may have a health effect in the host by several mechanisms including such as increasing microbial diversity, suppressing the proliferation of nonbeneficial microbes, and contributing to the production of bioactive compounds such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and bacteriocins. Prebiotics are nondigestible dietary components such as oligosaccharides, polyphenols, and resistant starch, among others, that selectively stimulate beneficial gut microbes, further promoting microbiota homeostasis and host health. Because of these activities, probiotics and prebiotics have been explored as potential tools to restore microbial equilibrium during dysbiosis. Emerging prebiotics include polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and protein hydrolysates, and new potential probiotic strains are investigated for their potential in microbiota modulation. Additionally, postbiotics—inanimate preparation of microbes or their components—and engineered probiotics are emerging as promising strategies for intervention in dysbiosis-related diseases. It is important to consider that the efficacy and safety of these approaches require rigorous scientific evaluation, particularly concerning potential adverse effects and long-term impacts. This chapter gives an overview of the role of probiotics and prebiotics in the alleviation of gut microbiota dysbiosis, exploring their mechanisms of action. A deeper understanding of these mechanisms is essential for the development of targeted microbiome-based strategies aimed at restoring microbial equilibrium and improving health outcomes.