The first chapter provides context for the political and social landscape of interwar Romania, highlighting key (re)configurations that shaped the period. It clarifies how the “Jewish problem” figures into the public agenda of interwar Romania and why this subject was significant at that time. The 1923 Constitution is seen as a pivotal moment in defining the official framework for constructing notions of belonging. We will discuss the innovations this new Constitution introduced, contrasting them with previous perspectives on identity. Yet, since context alone cannot fully explain the crucial role antisemitic rhetoric played in public discourse during interwar Romania, we will further explore the legacy of the nineteenth century. Additionally, the chapter suggests a theoretical model to elucidate the antisemitic rhetoric that characterized interwar Romania through concepts developed by cognitive sociology. This approach will illuminate the dual process of identity formation, in which the symbolic representations related to both the in-group and out-group are similarly influenced by the broader frameworks that social actors use to understand and interpret reality.