The history of cardiac surgery is a tale of resilience, courage, and innovation in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It was once widely believed that the heart was an untouchable organ, but the dedicated physician-scientists tried to open their way and challenged this long-standing taboo. There is no doubt that the cardiopulmonary bypass machine is one of the most important and unique advances in medicine, to copy heart and lung function during induced cardiac arrest by cardioplegic solution and suspension of ventilator support. During these years, both cardiopulmonary bypass machines and their protocols have been updated many times. The concept of the critical care unit was first introduced in the late 1950s for life-threatening conditions. The progressive development in medical technology has led the care units to adopt a multidisciplinary approach to patient care with continuous bedside monitoring. Advances in surgical techniques, monitoring technologies, and safe and effective antibiotics and anesthetic agents, with improvement in pain management, have all led to the possibility of more complex operations and successful patient outcomes. This chapter provides a detailed overview of the history of cardiac surgery, cardiac anesthesia, and postoperative care for adult cardiac surgical patients.