Prior to the arrival of the Europeans, a large portion of the Appalachians and Ozarks was covered in forests. However, the forest cover was not complete because there were naturally occurring open areas, especially in the Ozarks. These open areas included examples such as grassy glades, rocky glades, open streamside habitats, fens, cliff faces, and rock outcrops that were common to both regions along with others (e.g., shale barrens and bogs) either generally characteristic of or restricted to the Appalachians. There also was a range of habitats such as woodlands and savannas that included trees but were not closed canopy forests. The purpose of this chapter is to describe each of these types of non-forest habitats, including the plants associated with them.