There is a mounting body of evidence that anthropogenic climate change will have a significant impact on the forests and non-forest habitats of the Appalachians and Ozarks. Even under conservative scenarios, future changes in climate are likely to include further increases in temperature with significant drying (drought) in some regions and increases in the frequency and severity of extreme weather events. Among those habitats most likely to be affected are wetlands, xeric habitats, and those associated with the highest elevations in the Appalachians. The magnitude of the changes that will take place remains unknown, but some of the expected effects are listed and discussed in this chapter.