This paper reviews the current research status and progress in the field of building energy consumption influenced by urban microclimate. It introduces the significance of studies in different architectural domains and highlights the practical implications of urban microclimate on building energy efficiency. The main theoretical frameworks and research methods in microclimate and wind environment studies are summarized. By analyzing Chinese and international literature, the paper discusses key findings and advancements in building energy consumption under microclimate conditions across different regions. Through comparative analysis, it identifies research hotspots and challenges in urban microclimate studies, particularly methodological variations in different geographical contexts. Finally, the paper provides a comprehensive critique of existing research, points out current limitations, and proposes future research directions to guide scholars in building ventilation and energy efficiency.