The extreme Antarctic environment can disrupt the human autonomic nervous system, impacting heart rate variability and sleep quality, particularly during the polar night. Ten overwintering members were recruited at Zhongshan Station to investigate the effects of circadian lighting on the health of the Expedition. Their dormitory rooms were modified to provide one-hour lighting exposure before bedtime and after waking during the polar night. Subjects underwent thirteen days of lighting intervention, with one week without intervention both before and after this phase. During the experiment, participants kept sleep diaries and underwent ECG measurements both before and after exposure to sleep-inducing lighting and awakening lighting. The results demonstrated that under the sleep-inducing lighting, the SDNN showed an upward trend, with Day 12 significantly higher than Day 3 (p = 0.021). The LF/HF ratios initially increased but subsequently decreased, with Day 13 being significantly lower than Day 7 (p = 0.018). Under the awakening lighting conditions, the mean heart rate generally rose, with Day 13 significantly higher than that of Day 3 (p = 0.018). The LF/HF ratios exhibited an increase, with Day 13 showing a significant rise compared to Day 1 (p = 0.028). Sleep duration demonstrated an upward trend, and Day 8 was longer by 0.46 h than Day 1 (p = 0.032). The findings indicate that circadian lighting has a significant influence on heart rate variability and sleep quality, and further investigation into the parameters is warranted.