The Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine (PMSM) essentially exhibits strong multi-physics field coupling dynamic characteristics, and its operational features can be characterized as a high-order nonlinear electromechanical energy conversion system with multi-parameter time-varying interactions. Conventional PI controllers are often insufficient for achieving ideal speed loop control performance. To enhance system stability and improve dynamic response performance, this study introduces a fuzzy PI control algorithm into the speed loop. This algorithm is an improvement and optimization of the traditional PI control. Firstly, based on the principle of coordinate transformation, the full-order differential equation of PMSM is derived, and a differential equation of electromechanical coupling including magnetic saturation and eddy current effects is constructed. A multi-rate sampling mechanism is integrated in the MATLAB/Simulink environment to form a multi-dimensional simulation verification system that includes control algorithm validation, dynamic response evaluation, and parameter sensitivity testing. Secondly, the fuzzy PI speed loop and the traditional PI speed loop are respectively applied to motor control. By building a dynamic characteristic comparison experimental platform under a double closed-loop control architecture, this paper quantitatively assesses the electromechanical energy conversion efficiency of the two types of regulators. Simulation results show that the transient overshoot suppression capability of the adaptive proportional-integral regulator based on fuzzy reasoning is enhanced, and the system's disturbance rejection capability is improved. Through data comparison and analysis, the significant advantages of the fuzzy PI controller in wide-band following adaptability are further verified.