This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the methods used for measuring and monitoring soil carbon (C), with a primary focus on soil organic C (SOC). It begins by introducing key concepts of C sequestration and its role in improving soil health and agricultural productivity. The chapter then details various SOC measurement techniques, including wet oxidation, dry combustion, spectroscopic and colorimetric methods, as well as the growing use of remote sensing technologies. In addition, it explores approaches for monitoring SOC, including soil C modeling and addresses the challenges involved in long-term monitoring. Recent advancements, such as the integration of remote sensing, machine learning, and other technological innovations, are also discussed to highlight how these tools can enhance the accuracy, efficiency, and scalability of soil C assessments.