Every year, cancer is diagnosed in over 18 million people worldwide. Neoplasms cause approximately 9.9 million deaths, accounting for about 17% of total deaths, which places them in a second place among the causes of death. Cancer epidemiology which is inextricably linked with cancer prevention gives an outlook on changes which take place in cancer treatment (new therapeutic options; access/lack of access to the medicines), in cancer prevention (primary and secondary) as well as in the individual health care systems. Moreover, it creates a great opportunity for policy makers and stakeholders to make accurate decisions in public health sectors with a support of evidence based epidemiological studies results. Current cancer incidence and mortality trends are shaped by two main elements – by age structure of a given population and by exposure to risk factors. While the age structure of the populations changes within the decades, a significant fact is that we can avoid or modify a great majority of the discussed risk factors in our daily life by actions taking on our own at present. Even 90–95% of cancer cases are associated with lifestyle factors, such as exposure to tobacco smoke, alcohol intake, poor diet, or low physical activity. Considering also secondary prevention – participation in cancer screening programs is one of the essential protective factors contributing to decrease in cancer deaths. There is a need to draw much more attention on cancer epidemiology studies, as well as cancer prevention studies and interventions in order to oppose unfavorable cancer trends and prognosis all over the World.