The term “cancer immunotherapy” refers to a broad spectrum of therapeutic modalities that use the immune system to trigger specific anticancer immune responses. Immunotherapy has received a lot of attention recently as a powerful alternative cancer treatment. Neoantigen-targeted immunotherapy is a field that is developing quickly and has a lot of potential for treating cancer. Recent advances in neoantigen research have accelerated the development and regulatory approval of tumor immunotherapies, such as cancer vaccines, adoptive cell therapy, and antibody-based therapies, notably for solid tumors. Neoantigen vaccines are made to display tumor-specific neoantigens and to stimulate cytotoxic T lymphocytes, so they may recognize and infiltrate into tumor cells, transforming “cold” tumors into “hot” tumor. Additionally, the procedure entails preparing the immune system to recognize and eliminate tumor cells. Therapeutic neoantigen cancer vaccines can induce potent T-cell responses that can kill tumor cells while being safe, tolerated, and effective. Neoantigens have a favorable effect in therapeutic therapy, according to studies. Individual immunotherapy for cancer patients will evolve faster thanks to technological advancements in neoantigen detection, screening, and characterization, which will help more people. Additionally, according to the findings of the clinical trials, neoantigen vaccines can frequently prolong disease-free survival time even in late-stage cancers; however, they are most effective when administered earlier. Neoantigen-based immunotherapies have yielded promising results in earlier preclinical and clinical studies, but still need to make significant required.