Climate change and land degradation are among the most critical environmental challenges of the twenty-first century, with significant and intertwined impacts on global freshwater resources. Rising temperatures, altered precipitation patterns, and increasing frequency of extreme weather events disrupt hydrological cycles, affecting both the accessibility and quality of water. Concurrently, land degradation—driven by deforestation, unsustainable agricultural practices, and urbanization—accelerates soil erosion, reduces groundwater recharge, and contributes to water pollution through increased sedimentation and nutrient runoff. This chapter examines the multifaceted relationship linking climate shifts and soil deterioration, emphasizing their combined effects on freshwater systems, highlighting regional disparities and vulnerabilities. Key mechanisms such as changes in evapotranspiration rates, declining groundwater reserves, and the intensification of droughts and floods are examined, along with the socioeconomic consequences of water scarcity, including threats to food security, conflicts over water access, and public health risks. This chapter also reviews strategies for mitigating these impacts, focusing on sustainable land management, climate-resilient water policies, and nature-based solutions such as watershed restoration and agroecological practices. By bridging scientific insights with practical policy recommendations, this chapter underscores the urgent need for adaptive management of water resources to maintain sustainable water access in the future in the face of ongoing environmental change.