In recent times, Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) changes and associated variations in Land Surface Temperatures (LSTs) are critical concerns for climate-vulnerable coastal regions like Bangladesh. This chapter explored the spatiotemporal dynamics of LULC and LST across fourteen upazilas in the southeastern coastal region. Satellite imageries were used to map LULC and LST, while data on precipitation, air temperature, and wind velocity represented microclimatic controls. Multiple linear regression analysis quantified the relationship between LULC types, such as settlement, vegetation, agriculture, waterbody, and barren land, and LSTs. All LULC categories showed statistically significant correlations (positive and negative) with LSTs. Positive correlation for settlements and barren lands; negative correlation for vegetation, agriculture, and waterbodies. The predominant finding was that expansion of settlements and barren lands was strongly associated with increased LSTs across the upazilas. In contrast, the rise in vegetation, agriculture, and waterbodies associated with lowering LSTs indicates mitigation effects. Background climatic factors played modulating roles. The LULC composition and microclimate collectively explained exceptional variance in LSTs (adjusted R-squared of 0.93–0.98). The outcomes signal that targeted land use planning and development policies are imperative for climate change resilience in Bangladesh’s coastal region. Further spatial modeling can establish more robust LULC-LST relationship predictions to guide interventions.