Iran’s coral reefs, though limited in spatial extent, represent critical marine ecosystems shaped by extreme environmental conditions and high biodiversity. Spread across the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, these reefs encompass fringing, patch, and submerged bank types, each exhibiting distinct structural and ecological characteristics. Despite extreme temperatures, high salinity, and anthropogenic pressures, Iran’s reefs sustain a diverse coral fauna, including resilient genera such as Porites, Platygyra, and Dipsastraea, as well as more sensitive genera like Acropora. The chapter explores the geomorphological and ecological variations across island and mainland fringing reefs, highlighting biogeographic gradients, reef zonation, and coral assemblages. It further outlines threats to coral health from coastal development, bleaching, and pollution, especially in regions such as Assaluyeh, Kish, and Chabahar. Advanced habitat mapping using high-resolution satellite and drone imagery has enhanced coral monitoring and conservation planning. These mapping tools enable detailed spatial classification of benthic habitats, offering valuable insights into reef condition and resilience. Despite environmental stressors, several reef areas, particularly those influenced by cooler upwelling waters in the Gulf of Oman, demonstrate notable ecological stability. Collectively, Iran’s coral reefs underscore the urgency for integrated conservation strategies to safeguard these biodiverse and vulnerable marine habitats.