Plaque buildup within arteries can lead to narrowing (stenosis) and hardening of arterial walls, a process known as atherosclerosis. Over time, these plaques can lead to progressive narrowing and result in coronary artery disease, the leading cause of death in the United States. Risk factors for coronary artery disease include having a family history of coronary disease, high cholesterol, diabetes, and high blood pressure. Atherosclerosis can be fatal if plaques rupture and begin to block blood flow, leading to a heart attack. Heart attacks typically present with crushing left-sided chest pain. Some patients, most commonly women, can present with atypical signs like jaw and lower back pain. Early intervention, lifestyle modifications, and medications are important measures to reduce the development of coronary artery disease and improve patient outcomes.