Breaking the Glass Ceiling: The Socio-Economic Restraints to Financial Inclusion of Female-Owned SMEs in BRIC Economies
摘要
Female entrepreneurs play a pivotal role in the economic progress of emerging economies, where a large scope remains unfulfilled for promoting a diverse and inclusive growth process. Literature has repeatedly found that females face socio-financial obstacles disproportionately more than their male counterparts. A large volume of empirical evidence has delineated the nature of financial exclusion and the factors that can promote the financial inclusion of SME firms. However, there is a need to address the nature of financial exclusion for SME firms from a gender-specific perspective. This paper conducts an econometric examination of the nature of financial exclusion for SMEs using granular data on more than 10,000 firms for Brazil, Russia, India and China while attempting to break the glass ceiling of socio-economic restraints that prevent female entrepreneurs from progressing in a competitive business world. By employing logistic regression, the paper attempts to resolve the gender discrimination issue in financial access by locating the key barriers and enablers necessary for policymakers to promote gender-inclusive financial inclusion in emerging economies. The ownership-management contradiction in the gendered financial inclusion process is a unique finding of this study. This chapter infers critical policy insights for promoting women entrepreneurs to break the glass ceiling of financial repression and actively integrate into the mainstream financial architecture.