Object Orientations
摘要
This chapter explores Graham Harman’s Object-Oriented Ontology (OOO) and its philosophical foundations and implications for spirituality. Building on previous discussions of Latour and Meillassoux, the text examines how OOO provides an alternative to both onto-theology and onto-consciousness by placing objects at the center of metaphysics. The chapter begins by analyzing Alfred North Whitehead’s process philosophy as an important precursor, then explores Harman’s innovative reading of Heidegger’s tool analysis and its extension to all objects. Key concepts, including undermining, overmining, duomining, and justified (un)true belief, are examined to demonstrate how objects withdraw from complete access while manifesting themselves in various ways. The chapter culminates with Timothy Morton’s concept of hyper-objects—entities massively distributed in time and space that humans encounter only through their local manifestations—showing how this perspective generates both ethical and esthetic challenges. Throughout, the text demonstrates how OOO offers rich resources for reconceptualizing spirituality beyond traditional metaphysical frameworks, suggesting a “second naivete” that acknowledges both the reality of objects beyond human access and the mystery inherent in object-object relations.