This chapter explores how agrarian states transformed human conceptions of the divine to mirror their expanding social hierarchies and institutional structures. As grain-based civilizations emerged, their pantheons personified essential institutions—agriculture, warfare, craftsmanship, law, and family—through anthropomorphic gods arranged in familial hierarchies that reflected political and patriarchal systems. Deities such as Zeus, Odin, Demeter, and the Maya Maize God symbolized the cyclical rhythms of nature and the bureaucratic order sustaining early states. The chapter also examines the rise of moralizing gods—supernatural beings who demanded ethical behavior and enforced prosocial norms essential for cooperation among large, often anonymous populations. These deities legitimized social order, property rights, and tribute collection, embedding the needs of institutions within divine commandments. From Mesopotamia’s Marduk to the moral codes of Abrahamic and Hindu traditions, agrarian religion became a tool for moral regulation, social cohesion, and the perpetuation of complex state systems.