This chapter explores how the domestication of plants and animals beginning at around 10,000 years ago transformed human societies and religious life. The transition from foraging to farming—centered on highly adaptable grass grains such as wheat, rice, and maize—enabled humans to capture and store solar energy efficiently, leading to sedentary living and population growth. In tropical regions, rainfall agriculture and horticulture sustained small, kin-based communities resembling earlier foraging bands, where shamanic traditions and egalitarian social norms persisted. However, in arid or environmentally constrained regions, the need for irrigation, soil renewal, and coordinated labor gave rise to new social hierarchies, specialization, and centralized authority. The integration of cattle domestication further intensified these changes, providing fertilizer, food, and power for agriculture. These developments not only altered human subsistence strategies but also redefined the scale of cooperation and the nature of the supernatural beings that reflected and reinforced emerging social structures.