This chapter deals with the mapping and monitoring of land use and land cover (LULC) along with two indices, viz. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) of a river basin area located in Murshidabad district of West Bengal State in India to find out the changes over the three decades (1992 to 2011) for sustainable development, planning, and management. Data from satellite images of Landsat 5 with a spatial resolution of 30 m were used to detect per pixel change over time in Bhairab river basin area. Comparison technique which gives specific information about the spatial distribution is used to find out NDVI- and NDWI-based changes. LULC in the study area undergone several complicated changes over the past three decades. The LULC of 1992 indicate that major land use (54.17%) in the river basin is agricultural, whereas in 2011, the major land use (43.95%) is reported as built-up area. The study reveals that there is a maximum change (31.35% to the total change) in increase more than 5 percent category for NDVI, whereas maximum (69.06% to the total change) in decrease more than 5 percent is recorded in case of NDWI change. Significant changes of both NDVI and NDWI values from 1992 to 2011 in Bhairab river basin area have been also observed which in turn indicate the changes of vegetation and water covers of the study area.