The Urban Heat Island (UHI) issue in Kolkata, highlighted by the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR), observes Kolkata as a more heat-stressed city in India than many others. This phenomenon (UHI) in Kolkata is an urgent issue from the perspective of local climate conditions along with the ecological imbalance, which demands immediate attention. This study utilizes Landsat-8 OLI/TIRS satellite imagery to analyze Land Surface Temperature (LST), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI) across Kolkata Municipal Corporation (KMC). The study revealed that the maximum temperature during summers were 34.43 °C and 36.16 °C and winters were 22.94 °C and 23.98 °C for the years 2016 and 2022, respectively. It is found that the maximum and minimum temperatures increased by 5.02% and 4.53% in the summer and winter seasons respectively from 2016 to 2022. Multiple regression model has been applied to compute the extent of influence of NDVI and NDBI on the LST. Northern and Western Kolkata remained warmer in 2022 with 21.16% of the area having temperatures above 32 °C as opposed to 1.59% in 2016. The study identified that a one-unit increase in NDBI elevated the LST by 7.83-unit and a 1-unit increase in NDVI reduced the LST by 6.7 units in the summer of 2022. This study can aid in arriving at an appropriate percentage increase of green areas in mitigating the UHI and urban planning strategies at KMC.