Three-dimensional printing (3DP) represents a transformative advancement in construction technology, with the potential to offer substantial environmental benefits relative to conventional building methods. Nevertheless, its ecological footprint is highly variable and predominantly influenced by the nature and composition of the materials employed. While 3DP demonstrably reduces construction waste, labor intensity, and project timelines, it concurrently presents challenges, particularly concerning elevated greenhouse gas emissions associated with high cementitious content required for rheological and structural performance. This study undertakes a critical and systematic review of the extant body of literature addressing the environmental ramifications of 3DP in the built environment, with a concentrated emphasis on material efficiency, alternative binder formulations, and quantitative sustainability assessment techniques. The principal aim is to interrogate the potential of 3DP as an automated, environmentally optimized construction paradigm, while elucidating current deficiencies in life cycle inventory data, assessment standardization, and environmental modeling frameworks. The review further highlights the imperative for integrative approaches such as Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Building Information Modeling (BIM) in enabling early-stage design decisions that mitigate adverse environmental impacts. Conclusively, the paper delineates future research trajectories to support the mainstream adoption of 3DP by enhancing its ecological viability and aligning its application with global sustainability objectives.