In this anthology, our aim is to examine the conflicts between official doctrine and actual day-to-day sexual behaviour across the history of the Polish lands. The example of Poland is interesting because, on the one hand, the country was Christianised relatively late (in the tenth century) and was then perceived as an antemuralis of Latin Europe. At the same time, it was also a contact zone between different cultures and religions, and thus also of values and moral concepts. On the other hand, Poland has come to symbolise the equation of (Catholic) religion and nation as a result of various developments over the last few centuries. This accordingly includes the adoption of Catholic sexual norms and morality. The contributors to this volume, however, focus on the problems that attempts to enforce these norms on “average people” met; the behaviour of the faithful—from the Middle Ages to the recent past—has not been so easy to control, despite the threat of divine punishment and excommunication. The perspective “from below” is central.