The doum palm (Hyphaene thebaica L.) is a flowering plant in the Magnoliopsida Superorder Lilianae—Monocots, Arecales order, and Arecaceae family. This perennial evergreen tree thrives in semi-arid regons and is one of 11 species in the genus Hyphaene, native to North Africa. It can be found in rainforests worldwide, though less commonly in arid environments, spanning the Sahel region of Africa from Mauritania to Sudan. Doum products are popular beverages with various contemporary and therapeutic uses, rich in monosaccharides, filaments, B-complex vitamins, and essential minerals like sodium, calcium, iron, potassium, magnesium, and phosphorus. Conventional plant breeding techniques are crucial for the continued development of the doum palm, with a focus on enhancing genetic diversity through hybridization and the introduction of new alleles. Environmentally friendly and therapeutic cultivars can be created to complement traditional methods. Challenges such as disease, economic impacts, and climate change affecting agricultural yields must be addressed to ensure successful cultivation. This chapter provides an overview of doum palm germplasm, origin, distribution, economic importance, health benefits, cultivation practices, genetic improvement, diversity management, resource conservation, significance, applications, and traditional breeding. Advanced technologies like variation traits, molecular breeding, bioinformatics, tissue culture, molecular markers, embryo rescue, artificial seeds, and genomics are also discussed.