This chapter presents an integrative overview of the neurobiological foundations underlying gaming behavior. It explores how decision-making, reward processing, cognitive control, impulsivity, compulsivity, emotional regulation, and neuroplasticity are involved in engagement and immersion in gaming. Structural and functional neuroimaging findings are reviewed, highlighting alterations in brain anatomy and connectivity associated with both recreational and pathological gaming behaviors, particularly Internet gaming disorder (IGD). The chapter also addresses the neurobiological intersections between IGD and other psychiatric conditions, such as substance use disorders (SUD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Special attention is given to the role of craving, impulsiveness, compulsivity, and emotional dysregulation as core mechanisms that sustain problematic gaming behavior. These insights provide a deeper understanding of the neural processes involved in gaming and their implications for mental health, prevention, and intervention strategies.