A One Health View of Zoonotic Disease Dynamics Through Animal and Vector Movement Due to Climate Change
摘要
Roughly 58% of known human pathogenic diseases have been aggravated by climate change (Mora et al., 2022). Climate change affects ambient air, water, and ground soil temperatures (CDC&P, 2022b; EPA, 2021), atmospheric water (NOAA, 2019), and nitrogen cycles (Sinha et al., 2017). As the environment changes, animal habitats change (EPA, 2021), changing the interactions between animals and humans. Ticks: Ticks act as vectors for diseases like lyme, ehrlichia, anaplasmosis, babesiosis, and Rocky Mountain spotted fever, which all require intermediate mammalian hosts to spread to humans. Climate change creates conditions that expand geographic regions of viable conditions for ticks and elongate growing seasons of existing regions (EPA, 2021), increasing incidence of disease spread to humans (DHHS, 2022). Mosquitoes: Mosquitoes are also a significant vector for numerous bacterial and viral diseases. Climate change has changed seasonal norms and increased mosquito populations in these regions and is slowly expanding these regions radiating from the equator. The increase in populations greatly increases exposure of these diseases to humans through urban, enzootic, and epizootic (Bennett, 2019). Wildlife and Environment: An increasingly intimate human-wildlife interface introduces opportunity for emerging infectious zoonotic diseases and fungal adaptations (Cossaboom et al., 2019; Carpouron et al., 2022).