This chapter articulates the potential of Artificial Intelligence (AI)Artificial Intelligence (AI) for dual use by examples and case studies, highlighting the evolving nature of the threat it presents. Technological advances in the use of AI in several fields such as cyber security, healthcare, autonomous systems, safety and securitySafety and security, transportation logistics, and finance have contributed to significant benefits, however, as the applications of AI increase exponentially, especially with the use of large language models (LLMs) and neuro-linguistic programming (NLPs), there is an escalating concern in its governance and potential misuse. Hence, developing and implementing guardrails early in the AI research process is essential, but they may seem counterproductive to its growth, especially when the progress has not even reached the level of Artificial General Intelligence (AGI). While AI offers tremendous benefits, especially when conjoined with Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS), Robotics, Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAVs), and many other recent platforms, it has only encouraged bad actors to misuse AI for nefarious applications. This article aims to provide an overview of the many benefits of AI and certain known misuses of AI, with the intent that a contrast might motivate the mitigationMitigation of its dual use and create robust strategies that uphold AI’s integrity while protecting societal interests. Specific strategies, such as Red team-Blue Team tabletop exercises (TTX), MITRE’sMITRE ATT&CKATT&CK matrix, and creating resiliency after a zero-day attack or strategies to reduce attack surfaces, are discussed. The challenges of applying dual-useDual-use frameworks in AI research are examined while highlighting the difficulties in balancing the technology’s benefits with dual-useDual-use risks. A section on shared responsibilities in AI and research and avenues for mitigationMitigation strategies emphasizes the importance of early-stage riskRisk assessments and ethicalEthical guidelines to mitigate misuse, accentuating self-governanceGovernance within scientific communities and structured measures such as checklists and pre-registration to promote responsible practices. The final section argues that research ethicsEthics committees and organizations play a crucial role in evaluating the dual-useDual-use implications of AI technologies by drawing parallels with medical research ethics committees to design a review process for specific use.