This chapter presents a comparative analysis of Africa’s regional integration strategies through the Lagos Plan of Action (1980), the Abuja Treaty (1991), and NEPAD (2002), using an intersubjective theoretical framework that includes constructivism, neo-functionalism, and transformative theory. It examines how each framework responded to shifting global dynamics and Africa’s development challenges. While the LPA advocated self-reliant industrialisation, it failed to disrupt dependency on the Global North. NEPAD, by contrast, reflected a pragmatic shift towards global engagement, achieving modest institutional gains such as the Pan-African Parliament. Yet both models remain hindered by colonial legacies, weak institutions, and limited agency. Despite criticisms of NEPAD’s technocratic and externally driven approach, its alignment with sustainable development goals and the digital era offers renewed prospects for inclusive growth. The chapter calls for revitalised Pan-African civil society to advance democratic, sovereign integration.