Pressure Vessels in HPAL and POX: Experiences and New Developments in Corrosion Protection Linings
摘要
Common processes to extract metalsMetals from refractoryRefractory ores or laterite oresLaterite ore rely on high-pressure applications in autoclavesAutoclave, e.g., high-pressure acidAcid leachingLeaching (HPAL) to extract nickelNickel and cobaltCobalt or pressure oxidation (POXPressure Oxidation (POX)) in cases of copperCopper, gold, zinc, etc. In both processes, ore is mined, crushed and a slurry is created by addition of water or acidAcid. This slurry is treated at elevated temperature and pressure (e.g., T > 200°C, P > 30 bar) in an autoclaveAutoclave. To return the slurry to atmospheric conditions, an array of flash vesselsFlash vessel is used. Via decantation and selective precipitationPrecipitation the desired metalMetals, metal oxideMetal oxides or metalMetals salt can be accumulated and purified. As each step requires a specific corrosion protectionCorrosion protection liningLining, different liningLining setups were used in autoclavesAutoclave, flash vesselsFlash vessel, etc. Especially for high-pressure applications in autoclavesAutoclave and flash vesselsFlash vessel combined liningsCombined linings of membranes, bricks and inserts of poly-(tetra-fluoro-ethylene) (PTFE), titanium or Inconel are used. Looking at various ore processing plantsProcessing plant around the world, different kinds of membranes are combined with different types of brick liningsLining aiming for a long-lasting and efficient corrosion protectionCorrosion protection. Membranes protect the steel vessels itself against chemical attack. Widely used in pressure vessels are lead membranes, glass fiber-reinforced coatings or rubber liningsLining. Also explosion plated titanium or welded on Inconel is partially used. The main task of the additional brick liningLining is to protect the membrane against abrasion or mechanical impact. AcidAcid resistant ceramic bricks, carbon bricks, graphene bricks or different specialties are widely used. Depending on the local load (e.g., liquid phase, gas phase, transition zone), different types of mortars are used to install the brick liningLining. During the presentation, we will look back on decades of experience with different liningLining combinations and show pros and cons in application, operation, maintenance, repair, and relining.