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The unexpected and undesirable formationFormation of speissSpeiss—a metallic phase rich in copperCopper and arsenicArsenic—represents an operational challenge in flash smelting furnacesFlash smelting furnace due to its contribution to the complex degradationDegradation process of the refractoryRefractories lining. This study combines a thermodynamicThermodynamics and operational analysisAnalysis to propose a mechanism of speissSpeiss formationFormation considering as main variables the presence of minor elementsMinor element such as sulfurSulfur, antimonyAntimony, and lead affecting the phase equilibriaPhase equilibria decreasing liquidus and solidus temperatures of the Cu–As rich system and the operational conditions such matteMatte gradeGrade objective and enrichment of the blast, that finally impacts on the operational oxygen potential. Using the software FactSageFactSage 8.3, specific phase diagrams (isopleths) were constructed for different contents of these elementsElements, showing that even small concentrations can significantly decrease liquidus and solidus temperatures. The very low solidus temperature facilitates infiltrationInfiltration into the refractory materialsRefractory material. The findings highlight the importance of strictly controlling the chemical composition of the feed and operational conditions to minimize speissSpeiss formationFormation and mitigate its adverse effects on the integrity of the flash furnaceFlash furnace sole.

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Influence of Minor Elements on Liquidus Temperature in the Cu–As–Sb–S System and Its Implications on the Degradation of a Sole in a Copper Flash Smelting Furnace

  • 会议论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年

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  • Roberto Parra,
  • Camila Mora,
  • Pablo Urzúa,
  • Juan Pablo Harcha,
  • José Palacios

摘要

The unexpected and undesirable formationFormation of speissSpeiss—a metallic phase rich in copperCopper and arsenicArsenic—represents an operational challenge in flash smelting furnacesFlash smelting furnace due to its contribution to the complex degradationDegradation process of the refractoryRefractories lining. This study combines a thermodynamicThermodynamics and operational analysisAnalysis to propose a mechanism of speissSpeiss formationFormation considering as main variables the presence of minor elementsMinor element such as sulfurSulfur, antimonyAntimony, and lead affecting the phase equilibriaPhase equilibria decreasing liquidus and solidus temperatures of the Cu–As rich system and the operational conditions such matteMatte gradeGrade objective and enrichment of the blast, that finally impacts on the operational oxygen potential. Using the software FactSageFactSage 8.3, specific phase diagrams (isopleths) were constructed for different contents of these elementsElements, showing that even small concentrations can significantly decrease liquidus and solidus temperatures. The very low solidus temperature facilitates infiltrationInfiltration into the refractory materialsRefractory material. The findings highlight the importance of strictly controlling the chemical composition of the feed and operational conditions to minimize speissSpeiss formationFormation and mitigate its adverse effects on the integrity of the flash furnaceFlash furnace sole.