Recently, significant progress has been made with a better understanding of the mechanism of urinary calculi formation and as a result of these advances, more effective approaches have been developed both in terms of treatment and prevention of urinary calculi formation. With the establishment of standard diagnostic algorithms to determine the underlying mechanism, many patients with urinary tract stone disease can be diagnosed more accurately recurrences can be prevented and significant reductions in mortality and morbidity can be achieved thanks to point-of-care treatments. Although genetic inheritance affects the formation of urinary system stone disease, the effect of environmental factors should also be taken into consideration. Many dietary factors such as the amount of fluid intake, dietary style, and variety, vitamin and mineral balance have a significant importance in the prevention of urinary system stones. In addition to the conservative approach, the importance of the addition of medical treatment in the prevention of the disease has been better understood in recent years. In addition to the basic patient assessment, it is a process in which the success of treatment is maximized by building the stone analysis on the detailed metabolic evaluation of the individual. In medical treatments, a detailed examination of the metabolic disorder, urine analysis, and blood electrolyte levels are utilized in detail and precise adjustments are made in the treatment. With these new treatment modalities, the importance of prevention and treatment of urinary tract stone disease in terms of avoiding complications as well as the high costs of anesthesia, surgery, and shock wave lithotripsy has been demonstrated again.