This chapter traces a history of collective action by Afro-descendants in Portugal, from the mid-1970s to the present, paying attention to the social and political contexts that frame agency and identifying claims, discourses, and practices. During the 1980s, the first migrant associations pioneered in offering social services and promoting safe spaces in the absence of state policies. Throughout the 1990s, political mobilization was progressively strengthened with rights claiming and documents for all campaigns. The murder of Alcindo Monteiro by nationalist skinheads, in 1995, became a key turning point towards an anti-racist agenda. As of the 2000s, cultural and civic intervention rooted in Black consciousness and political resistance led by young Afro-descendants emerged. Since 2015, activism has sparked a public debate on the legacy of colonialism and slavery and its impact on structural racism within Portuguese society. I seek to tell a collective story built on many stories that need to be uncovered and shared, as a way of confronting the silence and denial about racism in Portugal. I underline that Afro-descendants and Black Portuguese political agency play a key role in the struggle for human rights and unveil the colonial legacy of European societies.