Although plutonium has been studied by different disciplines (such as technology and innovation studies, political sciences) since its discovery, back in 1940 at the University of California (Berkeley), the resource, environmental, and energy economic literature is still relatively scarce. However, interest in the topic is increasing, driven by a variety of factors. Thus, in the context of the low-carbon energy transformation and climate change mitigation, interest in so-called new reactor concepts (i.e., non light-water), supposedly to become competitive in some near time span, is rising, not only in Russia and China, but also in the US, Japan, Korea, and Europe. This chapter provides a review of resource and environmental economic issues related to plutonium, and asks whether after decades of unsuccessful attempts to use plutonium for electricity generation, have resource and energy economic conditions changed sufficiently to reverse this result? In the analytical framework, we report on determinants of the value of plutonium by comparing it with the economics of the traditional nuclear energy, the light-water reactor using a once-through fuel process. Three questions emerge and are addressed subsequently: (1) can plutonium benefit from shortages and binding constraints on uranium supply for light-water nuclear power plants?; (2) can future nuclear fast reactors become competitive through standardized mass production (“SMR”-reactors); and (3) can plutonium be efficiently abated? The chapter concludes that there are no indications of more favorable economic conditions for the commercial deployment of plutonium.