The twenty-first century marks an era of accelerated urbanization, placing cities at the epicenter of both innovation and crisis. Urban areas are now home to more than half of the global population, and this number is projected to rise to nearly 68% by 2050 (United Nations, World urbanization prospects: The 2018 revision. UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 2019). While this trend signifies progress in terms of economic activity, access to services, and modernization, it has also generated unprecedented environmental and social challenges. The physical expansion of cities, often driven by informal settlements and speculative development, has resulted in land degradation, biodiversity loss, increased energy demands, and declining quality of life. This expansion is often chaotic and unsustainable, especially in developing countries where urban planning frameworks either do not exist or are poorly enforced. Urban sprawl consumes agricultural land, depletes green areas, and intensifies the demand for infrastructure and services that city governments struggle to provide. In many rapidly urbanizing contexts, environmental degradation, rising urban heat islands, flooding, traffic congestion, and poor waste management have become defining features of the urban experience. At the same time, the climate crisis adds another layer of vulnerability. Cities are disproportionately affected by climate-induced hazards such as extreme heat, floods, droughts, and rising sea levels. As urban populations grow, so does their exposure to these risks. In South Asia, for instance, cities like Karachi, Lahore, and Islamabad are experiencing longer, hotter summers and unpredictable monsoonal flooding, while cities in Eastern Europe like Bucharest face seasonal droughts and heat stress due to reduced green infrastructure and dense construction. The traditional approaches to urban planning, which prioritized car-centric infrastructure and economic growth over environmental and social concerns, are no longer viable. These outdated models have failed to account for the complex interdependencies between urban systems and the ecosystems they inhabit. Moreover, they often perpetuate socio-economic inequalities by ignoring the needs of marginalized communities, who are typically the most vulnerable to climate impacts and environmental degradation. In response, the concept of urban resilience has gained momentum in policy, planning, and academic discourse. Urban resilience refers to the capacity of a city to absorb, recover from, and adapt to a range of shocks and stresses, whether environmental, economic, or social (Meerow et al., Landsc Urban Plan 147:38–49, 2016). However, resilience is not just about technical solutions or infrastructure upgrades. It encompasses a broader transformation in how cities are conceptualized and governed—emphasizing flexibility, redundancy, diversity, and inclusivity. This chapter, and the book as a whole, argues that achieving urban resilience requires more than risk mitigation. It calls for a fundamental shift in how we design, build, and inhabit urban spaces. This includes rethinking the role of natural systems within cities, integrating ecological principles into planning, and ensuring that the benefits of sustainability are equitably distributed. It is within this context that sustainable landscape planning emerges as a critical tool—linking environmental, social, and spatial dimensions of resilience in ways that are adaptive, inclusive, and forward-looking.