Argentina is a relevant global lithium producer, a key mineral for the global transition to renewable energies. Three Northwestern provinces concentrate most lithium mining: Catamarca, Jujuy, and Salta. They share a similar geography, cultural backgrounds, economic profiles, and, being subnational units in a federal system, the same political institutions. Nevertheless, there is enormous variation in indigenous communities’ participation and engagement in defining the conditions under which mining companies can extract lithium. In some cases, there was a lack of community involvement, and companies operated without major restrictions. This occurred in Salar de Rincón in Salta and Salar del Hombre Muerto in Catamarca. In others, there was social organization from local communities, but conflict has been averted and companies could continue extracting lithium, such as in Salar de Olaroz in Jujuy. Still in other cases there was strong resistance and conflict escalated, resulting in aborted mining projects. That occurred in Salinas Grandes and Laguna Guayatayoc, also in Jujuy. In spite of the similarities, why is there variation in local participation, mobilization, and conflict? This chapter describes variation in community engagement and proposes explanations to account for strengths and weaknesses of communities in establishing the conditions of lithium extraction.