Rural and urban areas face very different challenges in regard to public transport services. This chapter explores those challenges in the Spanish context against the backdrop of a fragmented local government map and a variety of governmental levels. The analysis sets out with the responsibilities allocated to these levels of government, with special attention to local governments, and their performance in carrying them out. Local autonomy and administrative collaboration are analysed, as well as more recent issues, developments or initiatives both in urban and in rural mobility. The contribution shows that rural and urban transport services face fundamentally different challenges and discusses the different trends to solve them.