The rising discharge of synthetic dyes from industrial processes into water bodies is a serious hazard to ecosystems and public health. Among the various treatment methods, photocatalysis has gained recognition as an efficient technique for breaking down these pollutants under light exposure. Recently, two-dimensional (2D) materials and their hybrids have attracted considerable interest owing to their exceptional physicochemical characteristics, including large surface areas, adjustable band gaps, and superior charge transport capabilities. Compounds like graphene oxide (GO), transition metal dichalcogenides such as MOS2, and MXenes, when integrated with traditional photocatalysts such as TiO2 or ZnO, demonstrate synergistic interactions that notably improve photocatalytic efficiency. These hybrid structures enhance photon absorption, suppress electron–hole pair recombination, and offer active sites for dye adsorption and catalytic breakdown. Recent progress is explored in an overview of recent developments in the design, analysis, and preparation methods of 2D material-based composites for dye removal, emphasizing their promise in eco-friendly wastewater treatment solutions.