Industrial and environmental activity keeps growing every year in the world. This entails an increase in the number of anthropogenic objects, which in turn causes increased emissions into the atmosphere and increased concentrations of pollutants in the air. Pollutants emitted in the atmosphere from these facilities cause environmental degradation and various diseases in people living in the vicinity of anthropogenic facilities. To improve the living standards of the population residing near industrial and economic facilities, it is necessary to conduct systematic studies on the identification of pollutants, identify and assess their effects on environmental objects and the functional state of the human body, as well as develop methods to reduce such effects. The analysis was conducted to identify the most common pollutants released into the atmosphere from industrial and economic facilities in the city of Penza. The impact of these substances on the development of certain disease classes in the population has been determined. It was established that respiratory diseases are most likely to occur in the studied population: 57% of the total number of diseases. It was also revealed that the studied pollutants pose the greatest danger to the population living in the affected area (potentially dangerous zone), that is, in the zone of the greatest pollutant impact. To reduce the likelihood of diseases among the population, it is necessary to reduce the number of emissions from industrial and economic facilities located in the city of Penza by 15% per year, which will reduce the likelihood of diseases by 1.5 times.