This work investigates the role of economic security in the gold mining industry, its significance for national security and economic stability, particularly in Russia. It highlights how gold serves as a vital resource in various sectors, including banking, medicine and other industries, and how it underpins Russia’s gold and foreign exchange reserves, which provide financial stability and protection against foreign exchange risks. Considering the current geopolitical climate, the author discusses the impact of international sanctions on Russia, which have forced the country to refocus on new markets. This shift has accelerated industrial growth which is critical for generating tax revenues and supporting the country’s budget due to gold’s unique liquidity. The author identifies several challenges faced by gold mining companies, including high costs associated with developing and extracting mines, as well as volatility in global gold prices, which can negatively impact their profitability. The contribution highlights the need to assess the economic security of the gold mining industry to ensure its sustainable development. It underlines the importance of conducting risk assessments and implementing preventive measures to ensure economic security. The author considers the methodology for determining the level of economic security of an enterprise. The focus of the work is on PJSC Polyus, the largest gold mining company in Russia, one of the three leaders in the world in terms of gold reserves. In conclusion, the author emphasizes the critical role of the industry in ensuring the financial and economic security of both enterprises and the Russian state.