When people refer to localization, they typically mean obtaining a rough estimate of a target’s position on a map. For example, Professor X might be located in his office on the 15th floor, or my current GPS coordinates might be 39.649548, \(-\) 75.789969. For humans, precise positioning isn’t always necessary for route planning. However, for autonomous vehicles, localization accuracy is critical. The system must determine not just a general location—like “somewhere on the Street”—but precise information such as the specific lane, the distance from the curb, and the vehicle’s orientation. This level of detail is essential for the onboard computing system to ensure safe and reliable operation.